Two-fluid magnetic island dynamics in slab geometry: II - Islands interacting with resistive walls or static external resonant magnetic perturbations

The dynamics of a propagating magnetic island interacting with a resistive wall or a static external magnetic perturbation is investigated using two-fluid, drift-MHD theory in slab geometry. In both cases, the island equation of motion is found to take exactly the same form as that predicted by single-fluid MHD theory. Three separate ion polarization terms are found in the Rutherford island width evolution equation. The first is the drift-MHD polarization term for an isolated island, and is completely unaffected by interaction with a wall or magnetic perturbation. Next, there is the polarization term due to interaction with a wall or magnetic perturbation which is predicted by single-fluid MHD theory. Finally, there is a hybrid of the other two polarization terms. The sign of this term depends on many factors. However, under normal conditions, it is stabilizing if the unperturbed island propagates in the ion diamagnetic direction (in the lab. frame), and destabilizing if it propagates in the electron diamagnetic direction

Economic perspectives for Central America after CAFTA; a GTAP-based analysis

Using a GTAP CGE application, we assess the main economic results of CAFTA for Central America (CA). Currently, Central America enjoys preferential access to the US market through the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI). CAFTA will consolidate and augment these concessions. Meanwhile, the agreement requires widespread opening of CA markets to US imports over time. The implementation of the ATC protocol in 2005 implies increased Chinese competition for the region in the textile and apparel sectors. CAFTA will balance for this new source of competition by allowing better access for CA textiles and apparel products, while creating large opportunities for labour market improvements and FDI inflows to Central America. If these opportunities are exploited, the region has much to gain from CAFTA. However, we also find a strong sectoral readjustment from agricultural sectors to maquila-based industries, which could create important adjustment strains.

Does CO trace H2 at high galactic latitude

A CO survey of 342 Infrared Excess Clouds (IRECs) distributed uniformly across the sky is presented. Following comparison of the integrated CO brightness with the 100 micron infrared brightness B(sub 4) obtained from the IRAS data, evidence was found for a threshold in B(sub 4) of 4-5 MJy sr(exp -1) below which CO does not form. Evidence is also presented that the threshold effect can be seen within an individual cloud, providing evidence for a phase transition between atomic and molecular gas. While the main thrust was to examine the CO content of the IRECs, it was also attempted to detect CO toward a number of UV stars so that CO brightness could be correlated with direct measurements of H2 column density and E(B-V). Of the 26 observed stars CO was detected toward 6. It is consistent with the results obtained using infrared data

Three-axis attitude determination via Kalman filtering of magnetometer data

A three-axis Magnetometer/Kalman Filter attitude determination system for a spacecraft in low-altitude Earth orbit is developed, analyzed, and simulation tested. The motivation for developing this system is to achieve light weight and low cost for an attitude determination system. The extended Kalman filter estimates the attitude, attitude rates, and constant disturbance torques. Accuracy near that of the International Geomagnetic Reference Field model is achieved. Covariance computation and simulation testing demonstrate the filter's accuracy. One test case, a gravity-gradient stabilized spacecraft with a pitch momentum wheel and a magnetically-anchored damper, is a real satellite on which this attitude determination system will be used. The application to a nadir pointing satellite and the estimation of disturbance torques represent the significant extensions contributed by this paper. Beyond its usefulness purely for attitude determination, this system could be used as part of a low-cost three-axis attitude stabilization system

Green-Kubo formula for weakly coupled system with dynamical noise

We study the Green-Kubo (GK) formula $\kappa (\varepsilon, \xi)$ for the heat conductivity of an infinite chain of $d$-dimensional finite systems (cells) coupled by a smooth nearest neighbour potential $\varepsilon V$. The uncoupled systems evolve according to Hamiltonian dynamics perturbed stochastically by an energy conserving noise of strength $\xi$. Noting that $\kappa (\varepsilon, \xi)$ exists and is finite whenever $\xi> 0$, we are interested in what happens when the strength of the noise $\xi \to 0$. For this, we start in this work by formally expanding $\kappa (\varepsilon, \xi)$ in a power series in $\varepsilon$, $\kappa (\varepsilon, \xi) = \varepsilon^2 \sum_{n\ge 2} \varepsilon^{n-2} \kappa_n (\xi)$ and investigating the (formal) equations satisfied by $\kappa_n (\xi$. We show in particular that $\kappa_2 (\xi)$ is well defined when no pinning potential is present, and coincides formally with the heat conductivity obtained in the weak coupling (van Hove) limit, where time is rescaled as $\varepsilon^{-2}t$, for the cases where the latter has been established \cite{LO, DL}. For one-dimensional systems, we investigate $\kappa_2 (\xi)$ as $\xi\to 0$ in three cases: the disordered harmonic chain, the rotor chain and a chain of strongly anharmonic oscillators. Moreover, we formally identify $\kappa_2 (\xi)$ with the conductivity obtained by having the chain between two reservoirs at temperature $T$ and $T+\delta T$, in the limit $\delta T\to 0$, $N \to \infty$, $\varepsilon \to 0$.Comment: New version with many improvement

An instrumented tracer for Lagrangian measurements in Rayleigh-B\'enard convection

We have developed novel instrumentation for making Lagrangian measurements of temperature in diverse fluid flows. A small neutrally buoyant capsule is equipped with on-board electronics which measure temperature and transmit the data via a wireless radio frequency link to a desktop computer. The device has 80 dB dynamic range, resolving milli-Kelvin changes in temperature with up to 100 ms sampling time. The capabilities of these "smart particles" are demonstrated in turbulent thermal convection in water. We measure temperature variations as the particle is advected by the convective motion, and analyse its statistics. Additional use of cameras allow us to track the particle position and to report here the first direct measurement of Lagrangian heat flux transfer in Rayleigh-B{\'e}nard convection. The device shows promise for opening new research in a broad variety of fluid systems.Comment: 14 page

Distributed computer system enhances productivity for SRB joint optimization

Initial calculations of a redesign of the solid rocket booster joint that failed during the shuttle tragedy showed that the design had a weight penalty associated with it. Optimization techniques were to be applied to determine if there was any way to reduce the weight while keeping the joint opening closed and limiting the stresses. To allow engineers to examine as many alternatives as possible, a system was developed consisting of existing software that coupled structural analysis with optimization which would execute on a network of computer workstations. To increase turnaround, this system took advantage of the parallelism offered by the finite difference technique of computing gradients to allow several workstations to contribute to the solution of the problem simultaneously. The resulting system reduced the amount of time to complete one optimization cycle from two hours to one-half hour with a potential of reducing it to 15 minutes. The current distributed system, which contains numerous extensions, requires one hour turnaround per optimization cycle. This would take four hours for the sequential system